Discuss Social/Psychological Explanations Given For Schizophrenia Essay Example For Students

Discuss Social/Psychological Explanations Given For Schizophrenia Essay Page 255 Question 4 (a) and (b)DESCRIBE ANY ONE MENTAL DISORDER. DISCUSS SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS GIVEN FORTHIS DISORDER. SCHIZOPHRENIASchizophrenia is a serious psychotic disorder that is characterised by a loss of contact with reality. Kraepelin in 1902 originally called schizophrenia Dementia Praecox which is a senility of youth. He believed that the typical symptoms were due to a form of mental deterioration which began in adolescence. Symptoms are mainly disturbances of thought processes but also extend to disturbances of behaviour and emotion. There are two traditional symptom categories of schizophrenia. Acute schizophrenia is classified as type one, as a functional disorder which has positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Chronic schizophrenia is classified as type two, as an organic disorder which has negative symptoms such as apathy and withdrawal. These two main symptom categories have been abandoned by DSM-IV, which is the latest version of the American manual for all mental disorders, symptoms and possible treatments. Schizophrenia is now classified into three main subtypes, paranoid in which the person is less disturbed, disorganised or hebephrenic which is what most people associate schizophrenia as, and catatonic which is the most serious of the three. In paranoid schizophrenia the person may have delusions of grandeur which is when they believe they are someone famous or grand for example The Messiah or Elvis, or when they believe they posses magical powers. Delusions of persecution is another symptom. This is when they believe that others are plotting against them, they are being spied upon, talked about or being deliberately victimised. Paranoid schizophrenia sufferers may also have auditory hallucinations which are voices heard in the absence of external stimuli which are often critical, warning them of danger or giving them commands. Slater and Roth in 1969 regarded hallucinations as the least important of all the symptoms because they are not exclusive to schizophrenia. In paranoid schizophrenia the personality is better preserved than in the other two kinds. It is a type one, functional, acute and positive type of schizophrenia. Disorganised schizophrenia typically makes a gradual appearance between the ages of twenty and twenty-five. The hebephrenic will display the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia as well as disorganised behaviour and speech. The person may have severe disruption in the ability to perform everyday living activities such as showering, dressing themselves and preparing and cooking meals. They may speak inappropriately and say things that do not make any sense and are in a confusing order. Inappropriate behaviour may also be shown for example they might laugh when they are being told terrible news. They may have flat emotions, where no emotional response is shown. Their eyes are lifeless ,their speech is toneless and emotionless and they look like they are staring at nothing particular, into space. Their behaviour is out of context. The disorganised type is in-between the traditional classifications of positive and negative symptoms. Catatonic schizophrenia includes the symptoms of paranoid and disorganised schizophrenia along with some more serious symptoms, and is a type two, negative and chronic. The schizophrenic may show apathy which is the lack of interest in normal goals, the loss of drive when they feel drained of energy, tired and are unable to continue with things they have begun. Cataleptic stupor is also a symptom where the person stands motionless or in bizarre postures, like a statue. Excessive motor activity is common when they move in odd and disturbing ways, sudden movement which appears purposeless and is not implicated by external stimuli. The person may also repeatedly echo words spoken by others, or the accentuated imitation of the mannerisms of other people. This is called echolalia. Hypoglycemia EssayThere are now treatment programmes for the family of the schizophrenic including training in controlling expressed emotion. This approach has been criticised as many schizophrenics are not in contact with their family, or have minimal contact and yet there is no evidence that such people are less prone to relapse. This study was done by Goldstein in 1988. It could be argued that any social environment could be regarded as having high or low expressed emotion. High expressed emotion may well develop as a response to living with the burdens of schizophrenia. Bebbington and Kuipers in 1992 showed the results of prospective studies of expressed emotion. In all of the patients that returned to a home with high expressed emotion situation, the relapse rate is always higher than if the schizophrenic was returning to a home with low expressed emotion. The social/psychological explanations for schizophrenia are not conclusive but neither are all the other explanations as there is no cure for schizophrenia, the most serious of all mental disorders. I think that schizophrenia is inherited but not totally. There are other factors which can cause or worsen it when the schizophrenic is vulnerable and interact with environmental factors such as stressful life events. BibliographyReferences: Psychology for A Level. Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum. p246-255. 1987. Collins Educational. Psychology